Networking / RFC

Why can tracert show intermediate routers? Exploring how TTL is incremented by 1

This article explains how Windows tracert estimates hops using TTL and ICMP Time Exceeded, including how to interpret the results for troubleshooting.
2026.09.21
Networking / RFC
VBA / Office

Counting 'ABC', 'abc', and 'ABC ' as the Same Duplicate in VBA Dictionary: Tips for Key Normalization

Learn how to normalize keys in a VBA Dictionary to handle leading and trailing spaces and case sensitivity, allowing for duplicate detection that aligns with your business rules.
2026.09.21
VBA / Office
VBA / Office

VBA Does Not Compile Suddenly? Listing Reference Settings to Find BROKEN References

List VBA references and use IsBroken to isolate broken references. Instead of auto-repairing, safely observe the state first.
2026.09.21
VBA / Office
PowerShell

Creating a Minimal GUI with PowerShell and XAML: Understanding Button Click Events

Build a minimal XAML and WPF interface using PowerShell and observe how button click events reach PowerShell.
2026.09.21
PowerShell
Linux / CLI / DevOps

Who does /proc/self point to in Linux? Understanding it by comparing Bash and awk PIDs

When reading /proc/self/status from Bash using awk, why does it show awk itself instead of Bash? Safely observe procfs using read-only operations.
2026.09.21
Linux / CLI / DevOps
Networking / RFC

How to Read curl -I Output: Examining HTTP Response Headers One Line at a Time

Learn how to interpret the HTTP response displayed by curl -I in the order of Status, Content-Type, Content-Encoding, Cache-Control, and Content-Length. This is a practical approach that also helps verify gzip compression in Nginx.
2026.09.20
Networking / RFC
Generative AI

What is Microsoft Security Copilot? E5 Inclusion and SCUs in 2026

This article outlines Security Copilot in 2026, covering its inclusion in Microsoft 365 E5/E7, SCUs, rollout, and differences from E3.
2026.09.20
Generative AISecurity
Microsoft 365 / Azure

What is Microsoft Copilot? Differences Between M365 E3/E5 Add-on Licenses and Copilot Chat

We clarify the licensing boundaries of Microsoft 365 E3/E5/E7, Microsoft Copilot, Copilot Chat, and Agents using official information and practical examples.
2026.09.20
Microsoft 365 / AzurePrompt & LLM Utilization
Microsoft 365 / Azure

What is Copilot Studio for Teams? Creating Limited Agents in M365 and the Boundary with the Standalone Version

We clarify the differences between the Teams-only use rights of Copilot Studio for Teams and the standalone version based on official information, complete with beginner-friendly terminology, practical examples, and architecture diagrams.
2026.09.20
Microsoft 365 / AzurePrompt & LLM Utilization
Microsoft 365 / Azure

What is Microsoft 365 Copilot Chat? Clarifying the E3/E5 No-Additional-Cost Scope, Work Data, and Agents

Based on official information, we clarify the boundaries between Copilot Chat (included at no additional cost with M365 E3/E5), paid Microsoft Copilot, metered agents, and work data integration.
2026.09.20
Microsoft 365 / AzurePrompt & LLM Utilization
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